1) What is Technological
determinism?
Technological determinism refers to the idea that the introduction
of new technology automatically brings certain results. Deterministic outlooks
underlie many common beliefs about educational technology. The notion that computers
generate learning the way that a fire generates warmth. the movement of CALL
from the language laboratory to the classroom. Computers and other online
devices will be found in every classroom in developed countries, not only in
computer laboratories.
2) What are the ten
developments in Information and Communication Technology?
1) The first important
change is from phone-based to wireless communication because of improved
technology and telephone/Internet relay facilities.
2) A second change will be
a move from dial-up Internet connections to permanent, direct online
connections.
3) A third change will be
from the use of mainly personal computers to the use of portable computing and
online devices.
4) A fourth change will
be from narrowband (referring to the speed at which information passes over
communication lines) to broadband. Cable modem connections currently deliver 10
Megabits per second.
5) A fifth change will be
from expensive personal computing systems to widely affordable computers and
other hardware, first in the developed countries and then in the developing
countries.
6) a sixth development is
that the Internet will change from being an exclusive form of communication and
information, mostly limited to people in developed countries, to becoming a
mass form of communication accessible to most of the planet.
7) A seventh development
will be a movement from text-based information and communication to audiovisual
forms of information and communication.
8) An eighth change will
be from use of English as the main online language to multilingual Internet
use.
9) A ninth change will be
from “non-native” to “native” users of information technology. This concept
does not refer to language use, but rather to comfort and skill in using
computers. Children who grow up with computers and the Internet will be able to
access information and communicate. online with “native-like” fluency.
10) A tenth change will be
the movement of CALL from the language laboratory to the classroom. Computers
and other online devices will be found in every classroom in developed
countries, not only in computer laboratories.
3) What is the expected
effect on English teaching of these likely future developments?
a cognitive view of language learning which held that learners
develop language as an internal mental system primarily through interaction,
Communicative CALL took the form of communicative exercises performed as a way
of practicing English. The content of the interaction was not seen as
important. The purpose of interaction is seen as helping students enter these
new communities and familiarize themselves with new genres and discourses, so
the content of the interaction and the nature of the community are extremely
important. It is no longer sufficient to engage in communication merely to
practice language skills.
Technology changes in ICT
can thus enable students to read, write, and rewrite the world in their English
classes as never before, but only if we too enable our students to use the full
power of these technologies. As Pimienta (2002) suggests, we need to view our
students as being “in front of a keyboard” rather than “behind a screen.” In
the end, the most important developments may not be those that occur in the
technological realm, but rather those that take place in our own conceptions of
teaching and learning.
4) What is meant by the
five areas examined: new contexts, new literacies, new genres, new identities,
and new pedagogies?
New contexts: ICT will have a profound influence on the context in
which English is taught. Largely because of the increased use of English in new
globalized media and commerce there has been a major expansion in the number of
second-language English speakers around the world. Effective CALL is no longer
a matter of using e-mail and the Internet to help teach English but is
increasingly directed at teaching English to help people learn to write e-mail
and use the Internet.
New literacies: This leads of ICT developments, the emergence of
important new literacies. Reading in the online era has become an attempt to
interpret information and create knowledge from a variety of sources. Although
all reading and research skills include selecting the right questions, choosing
the right tools, finding information, archiving and saving information,
interpreting information, and using and citing information, there is a great
difference between reading a book in the library and assuming that the
information in it is reliable because it has been vetted twice--once by the
publisher and again by the librarian who purchased the book--and conducting
research online.
New genres: the essay will
increasingly become a marked form. Although essays may still be studied as a
literary form. The importance of teaching new types of writing through
electronic communication can also be illustrated by a situation that occurred
in an ESL writing course. Help these students develop the online writing skills
necessary for these tasks. publishing skills needed for effective presentation
of material.
New identities: The increased importance of online communication is
also contributing to new kinds of identites. Through this process Almon
developed self-confidence in his English communication ability as part of a
global youth movement that uses English and new media to share ideas. This case
does not suggest that teachers should downplay academic literacies, and these
skills must be taken into account in English teaching.
New pedagogies: new pedagogies that these changes will elicit. The
progress of CALL has been based on evolution from the mainframe computer to the
personal computer to the networked, multimedia computer, and corresponding
changes have occurred in CALL-based pedagogy.
5) What are the first
three stages of CALL mentioned in the reading?
1) Structural CALL
2) Communicative CALL
3) Integrative CALL
• Behavioristic CALL (1960s to 1970s),
consisted of drill-and-practice materials in which the computer presented a
stimulus and the learner provided a response
• Communicative CALL, is based on the
communicative approach where the focus is on using the language rather than
analysis of the language.
• Integrative CALL, starting from the 1990s,
tried to address criticisms of the communicative approach by integrating the
teaching of language skills into tasks or projects to provide direction and
coherence. It also coincided with the development of multimedia technology
(providing text, graphics, sound and animation) as well as Computer-mediated
communication (CMC).
6) Then, onewtg a
separate paragraph, state whether the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has witnessed the
same ten developments in ICT. Did the five areas emerge in the Kingdom? What is
the expected effect on English teaching of these likely future developments?
Apart from the utilization of advanced technology in medicine,
telecommunications, oil and gas industries. The information technology has only
been recently introduced in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in general and
particular to the public sector.
The official launching of internet services in the kingdom started
1999.
The internet has raised awareness and spread the usa of computers in
daily lives in Saudi Arabia.
Despite the modest progress made in the use of IT in kingdom more
needs to be done to realize full potential especially at the organizational
level.
In addition evisa system has been developed completely in house
that can receive, pro less.
Store and retrieve visas electronically and inter actively anytime
and anywhere around the world on real time basis, as a result productivity has
increased by more than 60%, moreover the evisa system provides generation of
codes that incorporate the personal data of visa holder. The code can be
retrieved by special reader crossing, this innovation facilitates machine
reliability of the printed visa sticker on the passport.
Also the ICT plays important role in the education field specially
in the university stage everything is now computerized. Law and regulations,
uses the EMES ND virtual classrooms to provide additional E-learning and
training the teachers and students in the use of ICT in the classroom.
I think it will affect the English teaching in the future, it will
improve the teaching and learning skills and it may facilitate the ways of
presenting the English lesson to fit the needs of students and uses interactive
learning and tools which use ICT, so will improve the ability of the student to
be more fluent in English specially in writing and speaking skills. Also in the
medical field, ICT, technology facilitates providing of health care to citizens
Saudi Arabia's e-health / ICT vision encompasses not only interoperable
electronic health records, also all health programs since 1988 a national plan
for development of ICT in the health field.
The electronic health care information record that stores patient
information with full interoperability within
a health enterprise, it helps connect the work produced by different
medical and technical departments also use computerized physician's orders and
instructions for treatment of patients.
The five areas emerge in the kingdom all helps in facilitate the
services that the kingdom provides for all citizens in industrial and
communications banking services and medical services and also educational
services.
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